Library

Where the numbers come from

Every measured number on this site comes from one of these: a manufacturer's datasheet, a standard table, a database, or a paper that measured it. This shelf lists each one with what it provides, where the page uses it, and what its license allows. Sources are linked, not rehosted; the repo keeps only the numbers it computes from, with the citation beside them.

On the page: 91
Arriving: 0
Wanted: 6

On the page

Sources the live explainer computes from or quotes. Each is checked against the code at every build: if the citation leaves the code, the source leaves this shelf.

Method2013

Simple Analytic Approximations to the CIE XYZ Color Matching Functions

Chris Wyman, Peter-Pike Sloan and Peter Shirley, JCGT 2(2), 1–11

A sum of piecewise Gaussians that follows the CIE 1931 curves within 0.025 (peaks 1 to 1.8), so the engine needs no table. Checked against colour-science: its x̄ tail is too low beyond about 680 nm, half the tabulated value at 700 nm, which shifts colors under warm light and dull red glow.
- color engine scripts/optics-core.js
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Authors keep copyright; JCGT articles may be redistributed unmodified under CC BY-ND 4.0 and their code is under an open-source license. The fit's coefficients are copied into optics-core.js with this citation.

jcgt.org · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2019

CIE 1931 colour-matching functions, 2 degree observer

International Commission on Illumination (CIE), data set from CIE 018:2019, Table 6; DOI 10.25039/CIE.DS.xvudnb9b

The standard observer at 1 nm: how strongly the eye's three color channels respond to each wavelength. Every color on the site is an integral against these curves.
- color engine scripts/optics-core.js
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CIE publishes its data sets under CC BY-SA 4.0 (read from the CIE D65 data set's metadata; share-alike means derived tables carry the same license).

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Database2025

Colour (colour-science)

Colour Developers, v0.4.7

A Python colour-science library whose copies of the CIE tables were used to build lamps.json, and the CIE 1964 10° table, Stockman & Sharpe fundamentals and CIE 2015 functions behind observers.json. It is also the test oracle for the color engine: npm test checks every colorant's color under five lamps against values it computed.
- lamp switch data/lamps.json
- 09′ showroom, other eyes scripts/build_observers.py
- color engine scripts/build_oracle.py
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. BSD 3-Clause.

github.com · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2018–2019

CIE standard illuminant D65, illuminant A, typical fluorescent lamps (FL11) and typical LED lamps (LED-B3)

International Commission on Illumination (CIE), tables from CIE 015:2018 and ISO/CIE 11664-2:2022

Spectral power of daylight, tungsten, a tri-phosphor tube and a white LED, the lamps on the lamp switch. D65 doi 10.25039/CIE.DS.hjfjmt59; FLs 10.25039/CIE.DS.ukaymjdn; LEDs 10.25039/CIE.DS.vgssnyfg.
- lamp switch data/lamps.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC BY-SA 4.0 (stated in the D65 data set's metadata). The tables in lamps.json are copies, so they carry CC BY-SA.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1932

The atomic arrangement in glass

W. H. Zachariasen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54(10), 3841–3851

The continuous random network picture of oxide glass and the rules an oxide must obey to form one.
- 00 what glass is components/WhatGlassIs.astro
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1964

Viscosity of a standard soda-lime-silica glass

Albert Napolitano and Earl G. Hawkins, National Bureau of Standards, J. Res. NBS 68A(5), 439–448

Viscosity of NBS Standard Glass No. 710 from 560 to 1400 °C, measured at eight laboratories, with a Fulcher fit and the strain (504 °C), annealing (546 °C) and softening (724 °C) points.
- 00 what glass is data/viscosity.json
- 06 lehr scripts/stress.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. US government publication; no license stated. Fit constants and fixed points are quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1985

Computer generation of structural models of amorphous Si and Ge

F. Wooten, K. Winer and D. Weaire, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54(13), 1392–1395

Building a random network from a crystal by bond switches and relaxation; stage 00's drawing sketches the method.
- 00 what glass is components/WhatGlassIs.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1998

Do cathedral glasses flow?

Edgar Dutra Zanotto, Am. J. Phys. 66(5), 392–395

The shear modulus (about 30 GPa) and viscosity extrapolation that turn room-temperature glass into a relaxation time longer than the age of the universe.
- 00 what glass is data/viscosity.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (AIP); no reuse license stated. The site now links the DOI.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2012

Direct imaging of a two-dimensional silica glass on graphene

P. Y. Huang et al., Nano Lett. 12, 1081–1086

Atom-by-atom electron micrographs of a bilayer silica glass, the first direct image of a Zachariasen network.
- 00 what glass is components/WhatGlassIs.astro
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2018 (online 2017)

Viscous flow of medieval cathedral glass

Ozgur Gulbiten, John C. Mauro, Xiaoju Guo and Olus N. Boratav, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 101(1), 5–11

Room-temperature viscosity of a medieval Westminster Abbey glass, estimated from its composition (10²⁴–10²⁵ Pa·s) and flow of about 1 nm per billion years.
- 00 what glass is components/WhatGlassIs.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (Wiley); no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Reference work1927

Chemical durability of glasses

W. E. S. Turner, in the International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology, International Critical Tables vol. 2, pp. 107–113 (McGraw-Hill for the National Research Council); scanned at the Internet Archive

Turner's own summary of the Sheffield durability work, including Dimbleby and Turner's 1926 series (J. Soc. Glass Technol. 10, 304–358): per cent Na₂O extracted and per cent loss in weight of 20–30 mesh grains boiled for one hour in water, 20.24% HCl, 2 N NaOH and 2 N Na₂CO₃, with a repeatability of 5 to 10%. The durability fit on the bench uses the same measurements as SciGlass keeps them.
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Note. Grain tests of a century ago: the method differs from today's ISO 719, and the weight-loss test cannot separate durable glasses, which all lose about 0.2%.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Published 1927; the scan is offered by the Internet Archive. Numbers are cited, not copied from the scan.

archive.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method1940

Effect of composition and other factors on the specific refraction and dispersion of glasses

John C. Young and Alfred N. Finn, National Bureau of Standards, J. Res. NBS 25(6), 759

Specific refraction (n_D − 1)/ρ and specific dispersion (n_F − n_C)/ρ factors for each oxide, additive by weight.
- 01 batch data/batch.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. US government publication; no license stated. Factors are quoted with citation.

nvlpubs.nist.gov · checked 2026-10-19
Reference work1964

William Ernest Stephen Turner, 1881–1963

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, DOI 10.1098/rsbm.1964.0019

The founding of the Department of Glass Technology at the University of Sheffield: approved by the University Council in June 1915, at first called the Department of Glass Manufacture.
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated. Facts are cited.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method1980

Ferric-ferrous equilibria in natural silicate liquids at 1 bar

Richard O. Sack, Ian S. E. Carmichael, Mark Rivers and Mark S. Ghiorso, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 75, 369–376

ln(X_Fe2O3/X_FeO) as a function of oxygen fugacity, temperature and mole-fraction composition (Table 3).
- 01 batch data/batch.json
Note. Fitted to natural lavas, with less alkali than soda-lime glass and no lead or boron.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; coefficients quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1983

¹¹B NMR studies and structural modeling of Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ glasses of high soda content

W. J. Dell, P. J. Bray and S. Z. Xiao, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 58(1), 1–16

How far boron takes up modifier before silicon does in a borosilicate: four-coordinated boron rises as N₄ = R up to R = 0.5 + K/16 (R = Na₂O/B₂O₃, K = SiO₂/B₂O₃). The bench uses that limit to decide how much modifier is left to break the silicate network.
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Note. Not read in the original: the limit 0.5 + K/16 was checked against Manara, Grandjean and Neuville's revision of the model (J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2009), which restates it. The model is for sodium; the bench applies it to every modifier and does not follow N₄'s fall at high R.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; cited only.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work1985

EXAFS and the structure of glass

G. N. Greaves, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 71, 203–217

The modified random network: in alkali silicate glass the modifier ions cluster into channels through the silica network, a structural picture used for fast alkali transport.
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Note. One structural model among several; the bench uses it only to explain why durability falls steeply with soda, not to compute anything.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated. Cited for the structural model only.

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work1994

Molecular mechanisms for corrosion of silica and silicate glasses

B. C. Bunker, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 179, 300–308

The mechanisms of water attack on silicate glass: ion exchange of hydrogen for alkali, hydrolysis of Si–O–Si bridges, and the dependence of both on pH.
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated. Cited for mechanism only.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2007

Calculation of the chemical durability (hydrolytic class, corrosion) of glasses

Alexander Fluegel, web page and spreadsheet calculator on glassproperties.com

The ISO 719 grain test (2 g of 300–500 µm grains, 60 min in 50 ml water at 98 °C, titrated with 0.01 M HCl) and its five hydrolytic classes, and a statistical model of log acid consumption fitted to 561 glasses (R² 0.91, standard error 0.20 in log).
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Would give: A modern hydrolytic class for every batch, separating the durable glasses the Sheffield test cannot. The coefficients are only in GlassChemDurabilityCalc_2.xls, which neither the cloud proxy nor Firecrawl could fetch (2026-10-20).

Terms not stated; link only. No terms stated on the site.

glassproperties.com · checked 2026-10-20
Method2007

Glass viscosity calculation based on a global statistical modelling approach

Alexander Fluegel, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Glass Technol.: Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. A 48(1), 13–30; author's copy on glassproperties.com

Isokom temperatures at 10^1.5, 10^6.6 and 10^12 Pa·s as polynomials in mol% composition, fitted to more than 2,200 silicate glasses (about 42–89 mol% SiO2), with the paper's own predictions for standard glasses (Table 12).
- 01 batch data/batch.json
Note. Coefficients are as printed in the PDF's text layer (read again 2026-10-20, JBK-1002); with them the bench reproduces Table 12 for all five standards within 0.5 °C. An earlier machine reading had the CaO term at 10^1.5 wrong (−16.843, a neighboring cell, for −17.453) and three entries unreadable. The bench adds an Al2O3×MgO correction of its own, fitted to SciGlass (JBK-1011); it is labeled as not Fluegel's.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article, author's copy; no reuse license stated. Coefficients are quoted with citation.

glassproperties.com · checked 2026-10-19
Method2007

Older thermal expansion models (Appen's factors, as tabulated)

Alexander Fluegel, after A. A. Appen, Glass Chemistry (1974), web page on glassproperties.com

Appen's additive factors for the linear expansion coefficient by mol%, including the composition-dependent rules for SiO2, B2O3, PbO and K2O. The page traces additive expansion factors back to Winkelmann and Schott (1894).
- 01 batch data/batch.json
Terms not stated; link only. No terms stated on the site. Factors are quoted with citation.

glassproperties.com · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2007

Glass compositions: typical commercial glasses

Alexander Fluegel, web page on glassproperties.com

Typical compositions (mol%) of float, container, borosilicate and other commercial glasses.
- 01 batch data/batch.json
Terms not stated; link only. No terms stated on the site. A few compositions are quoted with citation.

glassproperties.com · checked 2026-10-19
Database2019

SciGlass

EPAM Systems (open release); SciGlass Next at Universität Jena, v1.0 MS Access release (May 2019), read through D. R. Cassar's plain-text conversion (github.com/drcassar/SciGlass, Zenodo 10.5281/zenodo.8287159); browsable as SciGlass Next at sciglass.uni-jena.de (API by key on request)

About 422,000 glass compositions with their properties (viscosity, transition temperature, expansion, index) and over 15,000 optical spectra, ultraviolet to near infrared. The bench uses 10,257 melts made only of its nine oxides, with measured viscosity points, index and Abbe number, extracted by tools/sciglass/extract.py. Its room-temperature density model is fitted to 7,452 of SciGlass's measured densities (tools/sciglass/fit_density.py), and its alumina–magnesia viscosity correction to 2,971 of the melts (tools/sciglass/fit_viscosity.mjs). The fragility stage fits the MYEGA equation to 834 of the bench's melts with long enough viscosity curves (tools/fragility/fit_sciglass.py). Its durability fit uses 53 of the Sheffield boiling-water tests of 1919–1929 kept in SciGlass's source tables (tools/sciglass/fit_durability.py, extract in src/data/durability.json).
- 01 batch scripts/measured.js
- 01 batch public/data/sciglass/bench.json
- 02′ melt, long and short public/data/sciglass/fragility.json
- 01 batch data/batch.json
- network lab scripts/build_glass3d.mjs
- 01 batch data/durability.json
Would give: Measured spectra for uranium and didymium glass (the spectra are not in the open text conversion; SciGlass Next shows them).

Note. A compilation of literature values, not a curated reference: duplicates and mistyped entries exist (one entry at NBS 710's composition lists n = 1.618). Fluegel's viscosity model was fitted to much of the same literature, so agreement with it is a consistency check, not independent validation.

Open license: data may be copied with attribution. ODbL per SciGlass Next; the GitHub LICENSE file is headed ODbL but its body is the MIT license. Treat as ODbL (attribution and share-alike), the stricter reading: the extract public/data/sciglass/bench.json carries the ODbL notice and is offered under ODbL 1.0.

github.com · checked 2026-10-19
Method2019

Predicting Composition-Structure Relations in Alkali Borosilicate Glasses Using Statistical Mechanics

Mikkel S. Bødker, Søren S. Sørensen, John C. Mauro and Morten M. Smedskjaer, Front. Mater. 6, 175

The statistical-mechanics model of network structure (eqs 9–10: a modifier breaks a bond on silicon species n with weight share · exp(−H_n/kT_f)) and Table 1's relative enthalpies for soda– and potash–silica, fitted to ²⁹Si NMR. The oxide bench and the Structure Lab reimplement the equations and use the enthalpies (src/scripts/qn.js, src/data/qn.json).
- 01 batch data/qn.json
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Note. Enthalpies are relative and were fitted with literature Tg as the fictive temperature; the site uses its own viscosity model's Tg instead. With it the model reproduces the fitted NMR within about 1.3 percentage points RMS, but that is the fit, not a test. No published alkaline-earth silicate values were found, so lime, magnesia and lead oxide are counted as soda.

Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC BY 4.0 (stated on the article page).

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2022

StatMechGlass: Python based software for composition–structure prediction in oxide glasses using statistical mechanics

Mikkel S. Bødker, Collin J. Wilkinson, John C. Mauro and Morten M. Smedskjaer, SoftwareX 17, 100913; code at github.com/OxideGlassGroupAAU/StatMechGlass (GPL-3.0)

How several modifiers share out their bonds (eq. 3: each modifier's draw probabilities averaged by its share), and, in the code's data files, the Maekawa et al. NMR table the site plots.
- 01 batch scripts/qn.js
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Note. The parameter files in the code (Parameters/SiO2) differ from the paper's Table 1, and the alumina file repeats the soda values; the site uses the paper's numbers.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Paper: open access (author's copy at vbn.aau.dk). Code: GPL-3.0, so it is not copied into the site; the equations are rewritten from the papers.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2023

GlassNet: A multitask deep neural network for predicting many glass properties

Daniel R. Cassar, Ceramics International 49(22), 36013–36024; run through GlassPy 0.6.0 (github.com/drcassar/glasspy)

A multitask neural network trained on SciGlass that predicts 85 properties from composition. The oxide bench's second opinion comes from it: viscosity isokoms T0–T12, liquidus, Tg, index, Abbe number and density at each preset and along each slider, and on every measured melt in the bench's SciGlass extract, precomputed in a GitHub Actions job (tools/glassnet/glassnet.py) into public/data/glassnet.json.
- 01 batch public/data/glassnet.json
- 01 batch components/Home.astro
Note. Trained on SciGlass, so comparing it with SciGlass melts is not an independent test (10,465 of the bench's 12,513 melts were in its training set). On those melts it misses viscosity by a median 20 °C, worse than the bench's own 16 °C, and the liquidus by 48 °C. Its isokoms are predicted separately and can cross; its T0 sits below T1 for the lead and borosilicate presets.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Paper: journal article. GlassPy code and the trained weights: GPL-3.0-or-later. The site ships only numbers computed with them, not the code or weights.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Datasheet2026

ATS-129: Properties of Soda-Lime Silica Float Glass

Pilkington North America (NSG Group), technical bulletin, current edition dated 09/2026; PR #16 cites the 2013-01-14 edition

Elastic, thermal and optical constants of float glass: E = 72 GPa, expansion 8.3 × 10⁻⁶ /°C, density, conductivity, heat capacity, and a rule for reading stress from optical retardation.
- 06 lehr scripts/stress.js
- 01 batch scripts/stage-batch.js
Note. The 2026 edition gives Poisson's ratio 0.22; the stage uses 0.23 from the 2013 edition and says so (about a 1% difference in stress).

Cite and link; do not rehost. Disclaimer only; no reuse license stated.

pilkington.com · checked 2026-10-19
Reference work1995

Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers

C. Austen Angell, Science 267(5206), 1924–1935

The strong–fragile classification of liquids and the plot of log viscosity against Tg/T that the fragility stage draws.
- 02′ melt, long and short components/Fragility.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; cited only.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2009

Viscosity of glass-forming liquids

John C. Mauro, Yuanzheng Yue, Adam J. Ellison, Prabhat K. Gupta, Douglas C. Allan, PNAS 106(47), 19780–19784

The three-parameter viscosity equation every curve in the fragility stage uses: log10 η in terms of η∞, Tg and fragility m, derived from Adam–Gibbs with a temperature-dependent count of topological constraints.
- 02′ melt, long and short scripts/fragility.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; the equation is quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2011

Universality of the high-temperature viscosity limit of silicate liquids

Qiuju Zheng, John C. Mauro, Adam J. Ellison, Marcel Potuzak, Yuanzheng Yue, Physical Review B 83, 212202

The finding that silicate liquids share a high-temperature viscosity limit, log10 η∞ ≈ −2.93 Pa·s (value confirmed in secondary citations, e.g. Cassetta et al. 2021, Sci. Rep.). The fragility stage holds η∞ at this value in its fits to SciGlass melts and in its fixed-Tg working-range plot.
- 02′ melt, long and short scripts/fragility.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; the value is quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2021

ViscNet: Neural network for predicting the fragility index and the temperature-dependency of viscosity

Daniel R. Cassar, Acta Materialia 206, 116602; arXiv 2007.03719; run through GlassPy 0.6.0 (github.com/drcassar/glasspy)

A small neural network (35 composition features, two hidden layers) that outputs the three MYEGA parameters, log10 η∞, Tg and fragility m, trained on SciGlass viscosity data. The fragility stage's curves for the bench presets, silica, B2O3, one-oxide sweeps and 834 measured melts come from it, precomputed in a GitHub Actions job (tools/fragility/viscnet.py).
- 02′ melt, long and short public/data/viscnet.json
- 02′ melt, long and short components/Fragility.astro
Note. GlassPy 0.6.0 divides the features by their means instead of their standard deviations (_BaseViscNet sets x_std = x_mean); the script restores the standard deviations, which cuts the median Tg miss against the measured fits from 53 to 22 K. Pure silica is still badly wrong: Tg about 650 °C too low. ViscNet was trained on SciGlass, so comparing it with SciGlass melts is not an independent test.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Paper: journal article (preprint on arXiv). GlassPy code and the trained weights (Zenodo 13625981): GPL-3.0-or-later. The site ships only numbers computed with them, not the code or weights.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2007

Redox ratio and optical absorption of polyvalent ions in industrial glasses

W. Thiemsorn, K. Keowkamnerd, P. Suwannathada, H. Hessenkemper and S. Phanichaphant, Bulletin of Materials Science 30(5), 487–495

Molar absorptivities at the band maximum for Mn³⁺ (480 nm, 112.5–134.2 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹), Co²⁺ (595 nm, 152.5–193.1), Cr³⁺ (655 nm, 20.5–22.3), Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in soda-lime-silica glasses of known composition with 10–16 mol% Na₂O (Table 4), and their absorption spectra in A/d (Figs. 4–8). The page uses the middle-basicity values to put the traced cobalt and chromium curves in absolute units, and fits two bands to the Mn³⁺ spectrum of Fig. 4 for manganese.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
Note. The Mn³⁺ and Cu²⁺ concentrations were themselves estimated from older literature absorptivities (Paul & Douglas), so those two ε values are not independent measurements. Mn³⁺ band widths were read off the published figure by this site, not reported by the authors.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated. The page copies five numbers from Table 4 and stores two fitted bands, not the figure.

ias.ac.in · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2007

Mathematical description of absorbance spectra for Fe and Cu doped soda-lime-silica glasses

Tarja T. Volotinen, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield (White Rose eTheses 6086)

Gaussian bands fitted to measured absorbance of 15Na₂O·15CaO·70SiO₂ glasses doped with iron and copper, 1 cm thick, reflection and host-glass losses removed, with heights in absorbance per cm per mol% of the ion (Tables 5.4.1–5.4.3, 6.6.2). The page's Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ curves are these bands, so their amounts are real.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
- concept pages content/concepts/redox.md
Cite and link; do not rehost. Thesis; the repository record states no reuse license. The page copies 17 fitted numbers (band positions, widths and heights) with this citation, not text or figures.

etheses.whiterose.ac.uk · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2009

Optical spectroscopic study of tetrahedrally coordinated Co²⁺ in natural spinel and staurolite at different temperatures and pressures

M. N. Taran et al., American Mineralogist 94(11–12), 1647

Measured absorption of tetrahedral Co²⁺ and the assignment of its triplet, the ⁴A₂ → ⁴T₁(P) transition that makes cobalt blue. The page cites it for the physics; the curve itself is the measured glass of Meulebroeck et al. 2016.
- 03 color rod scripts/bands.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated (the PDF is restricted).

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2010

The identification of chromophores in ancient glass by the use of UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy

Wendy Meulebroeck and others, Proc. SPIE 7726, Optical Sensing and Detection

Transmission spectra of 89 colored glasses from Roman to modern times. Gives the Mn³⁺ band of historic soda glass at 489.8 ± 5.4 nm and shows a Roman glass colored by manganese as pink.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. Conference paper; no reuse license stated. Cited for one number.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2010

Optical investigation and electronic polarizability of Nd³⁺ doped soda-lime-silicate glasses

P. Chimalawong, J. Kaewkhao and P. Limsuwan, Energy Research Journal 1(2), 176–181

Absorption of (65−x)SiO₂·25Na₂O·10CaO·xNd₂O₃ glasses (x = 0–5 mol%), 3 mm thick, 300–700 nm (Fig. 3), with the Nd³⁺ bands assigned: 4G5/2+2G7/2 at 583 nm, 4G7/2+4G9/2+2K13/2 near 525 nm, 4F9/2 near 680 nm. The page traces x = 1, 2 and 3 for neodymium's shape, which turns the glass blue-gray under the fluorescent tube.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
- showroom components/Home.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC BY 4.0 (stated on the article page). The traced curve in measured.json is an adaptation, credited there and here.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2016

Authenticity screening of stained glass windows using optical spectroscopy

Wendy Meulebroeck, Hilde Wouters, Karin Nys and Hugo Thienpont, Scientific Reports 6, 37726

Measured 300–1500 nm transmission of 85 panes of two stained-glass panels, plotted as absorbance in arbitrary units (each curve normalized 0..1; no thickness given): cobalt blues (Fig. 2), chromium greens with Cr³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ (Fig. 3), iron yellows (Fig. 4), copper-ruby flashes (Fig. 5) and silver stain (Fig. 8). The page traces B1 (cobalt), G1 (chromium) and SY2 (silver) from the figures for their shapes.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC BY 4.0. The traced curves in measured.json are an adaptation, credited there and here.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2026

The effect of glass composition on the molar extinction coefficient of Fe²⁺ and its impact on the efficiency of luminescent solar concentrators

Stefan Karlsson and Peter Sundberg, Glass Europe (published 21 Aug. 2026)

Molar extinction coefficient of Fe²⁺ in soda-lime float glass, 26.9 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (22.8 borosilicate, 19.4 aluminosilicate). The page uses it to check its conversion from molar absorptivity to absorbance per mol%.
- 03 color rod data/measured.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC BY 4.0.

tib-op.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement1917

Glasses for Protecting the Eyes from Injurious Radiations

W. W. Coblentz and W. B. Emerson, Bureau of Standards, Technologic Paper 93; the free copy is the 3rd edition, 1919

Measured ultraviolet, visible and infrared transmission of protective glasses, including ferrous heat-absorbing glass. Sets the strength of the Fe²⁺ infrared band on the glory-hole lenses.
- 04 glory hole scripts/flare.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. US government work; no license stated on the document.

nvlpubs.nist.gov · checked 2026-10-19
Datasheet2005

TIE-35: Transmittance of optical glass

SCHOTT AG, Advanced Optics, current PDF undated; earlier version October 2005

Internal versus external transmittance, surface reflection losses and how to rescale transmittance to another thickness.
- 04 glory hole scripts/flare.js
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
Note. Gives the reflection factor P from Fresnel's formula (0.92 at n ≈ 1.5) rather than a flat 4% a face, and notes that thick high-index glasses often look yellowish.

Cite and link; do not rehost. No reuse license stated.

media.schott.com · checked 2026-10-19
Database2024

NIST Atomic Spectra Database (Standard Reference Database 78)

A. Kramida, Yu. Ralchenko, J. Reader and the NIST ASD Team, version 5.12; DOI 10.18434/T4W30F

Evaluated atomic lines. Sodium D2 588.995095 nm and D1 589.592424 nm in air, matching the values in flare.js.
- 04 glory hole scripts/flare.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. NIST Standard Reference Data can be copyrighted under the Standard Reference Data Act; no license text found. Quote values with the recommended citation.

physics.nist.gov · checked 2026-10-19
Method1908

Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen

Gustav Mie, Annalen der Physik 330(3), 377–445

The exact solution of Maxwell's equations for a sphere, worked out to explain the colors of colloidal gold.
- 05 reheat scripts/mie.js
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Public domain by age.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement1972

Optical constants of the noble metals

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, Physical Review B 6(12), 4370–4379

Measured n and k of copper, silver and gold films from 0.5 to 6.5 eV. The page's struck gold, silver and copper colors are computed from these, through Mie theory.
- 05 reheat data/metals.json
- 05 reheat components/Home.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. The article is cited; the tabulated values are copied from the refractiveindex.info database (CC0).

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement1981

Quantum size effect in three-dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals

A. I. Ekimov and A. A. Onushchenko, JETP Letters 34(6), 345

The first report of quantum confinement in semiconductor nanocrystals: copper chloride crystals in glass, whose absorption shifts blue as they shrink.
- concept pages content/concepts/selenium-ruby.md
- 05 reheat components/Home.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

jetpletters.ru · checked 2026-10-19
Method1983

Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles

Craig F. Bohren and Donald R. Huffman, Wiley (reprinted 1998)

Mie theory and the BHMIE algorithm (appendix A) that mie.js follows: logarithmic derivative by downward recurrence, Riccati–Bessel functions by upward recurrence, efficiencies and asymmetry parameter.
- 05 reheat scripts/mie.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Book; the method is reimplemented, no code copied.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work1995

Optical Properties of Metal Clusters

Uwe Kreibig and Michael Vollmer, Springer Series in Materials Science 25

The surface-scattering correction γ(r) = γ_bulk + A·v_F / r for electrons in small metal particles, and the spread of reported A values.
- 05 reheat scripts/mie.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Book; the formula is used, no text or data copied.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement2005

Formation of gold nanoparticles in gold ruby glass: the influence of tin

S. Haslbeck, K.-P. Martinek, L. Stievano and F. E. Wagner, Hyperfine Interactions 165(1–4), 89–94 (online 2006)

Gold ruby glasses with 200 ppm gold and up to 2 wt% tin, struck around 600 °C: tin gives many small particles, and color runs from purple-red (little tin) to brown (much tin).
- concept pages content/concepts/colloidal-color.md
- 05 reheat components/Home.astro
- 05 reheat scripts/strike.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2007

The Lycurgus Cup — A Roman nanotechnology

Ian Freestone, Nigel Meeks, Margaret Sax and Catherine Higgitt, Gold Bulletin 40(4), 270–277

About 40 ppm gold and 300 ppm silver in the cup; particles 50–100 nm, about 7:3 silver to gold with some copper; only a handful of other Roman dichroic pieces; routine gold ruby from 17th-century Europe. Also summarizes Brill's 1960s analyses (VII Int. Congress on Glass, Brussels 1965, paper 223, not seen directly).
- concept pages content/concepts/colloidal-color.md
- 05 reheat data/history.json
- concept pages scripts/strike.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (Springer, open access); no reuse license checked.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method2024

miepython: Mie scattering of light by perfect spheres

Scott Prahl, Python package

Reference values the tests check mie.js against (efficiencies, backscatter, asymmetry).
- 05 reheat test/mie.test.mjs
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. MIT. Only numbers it computed are in the tests; no code copied.

github.com · checked 2026-10-20
Database2026

refractiveindex.info database

Mikhail Polyanskiy, release v.2026-05-24

Optical constants of thousands of materials as YAML, including the SCHOTT, Ohara and Hoya catalogs. The source of every Sellmeier coefficient the site uses, and of the Johnson & Christy and Rioux metal constants behind the struck colors.
- 07′ cold shop, cut data/glasses.json
- light lab scripts/raytrace.js
- 05 reheat data/metals.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication).

github.com · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1704

Opticks: or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light

Isaac Newton, 1st edition 1704; the online copy is the 4th edition, 1730 (Project Gutenberg eBook 33504)

Newton's experiments on refraction and color, including his view that dispersion goes with refraction.
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Public domain.

gutenberg.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1919

Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond

Marcel Tolkowsky, E. & F. N. Spon, London; World Wide Web edition ed. Jasper Paulsen (folds.net, 2001)

The ray analysis of a brilliant's axial section: diamond's index 2.417 and critical angle 24° 26′, rays coming straight down reflected twice by the pavilion, and the proportions pavilion 40° 45′, crown 34° 30′, table 53%.
- 07′ cold shop, cut scripts/dispersion.js
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. The 1919 text is public domain in the US (published before 1929), not necessarily elsewhere; the web edition's transcription, figures 38–39 and editor's notes are copyright Jasper Paulsen. Cited and linked; no figures copied.

folds.net · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work1963

The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. I, ch. 31: The Origin of the Refractive Index

R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton and M. Sands, New Millennium edition online, Caltech

The driven-oscillator derivation of the refractive index, and why it rises toward an absorption resonance.
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Free to read online; copyright Caltech; no reuse license.

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1965

Interspecimen Comparison of the Refractive Index of Fused Silica

I. H. Malitson, JOSA 55(10), 1205

The standard Sellmeier fit for fused silica, 0.21 to 3.71 µm.
- 07′ cold shop, cut data/glasses.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; coefficients quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table1969

Council Directive 69/493/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass

Council of the European Communities, EUR-Lex

Legal definitions of lead crystal (at least 24% PbO) and full lead crystal (at least 30%), with density and refractive-index limits.
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
- 07′ cold shop, cut data/glasses.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. EU legislation; quoted with citation (EUR-Lex reuse terms not re-read).

eur-lex.europa.eu · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1985

Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses

M. Rubin, Solar Energy Materials 12(4), 275–288

Refractive index and absorption of window glass from the ultraviolet to the infrared; the page's soda-lime index curve.
- 07′ cold shop, cut data/glasses.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (Elsevier); coefficients quoted with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Datasheet2017

SCHOTT optical glass datasheets (N-BK7, LLF1, F2, SF11, N-SF11)

SCHOTT AG, values as in the SCHOTT Zemax catalog 2017-01-20b; the downloads page gives no version for the current collection

Sellmeier coefficients, refractive index nd and Abbe number vd for each glass, plus internal transmittance and thermal data. The downloads page also offers the catalog in Zemax format.
- 07′ cold shop, cut data/glasses.json
- light lab scripts/raytrace.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. No terms of use on the downloads page. The repo takes the coefficients through the CC0 refractiveindex.info copy, and links SCHOTT for the datasheet itself.

schott.com · checked 2026-10-19
Reference work2026

Glass Dictionary: gold ruby; lead glass; and the exhibition Glass of the Alchemists: lead crystal and gold ruby, 1650–1750

The Corning Museum of Glass, web pages, read 2026-10-19

Kunckel perfected gold ruby at Potsdam shortly before 1679 and made it at the Elector's glassworks with purple of Cassius by the mid-1680s; Glauber is also credited with the purple; Ravenscroft patented his glass in 1674 and added more lead in 1676.
- concept pages content/concepts/colloidal-color.md
- 07′ cold shop, cut components/Dispersion.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Museum web pages; no reuse license stated.

allaboutglass.cmog.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1816

On the communication of the structure of doubly refracting crystals to glass, muriate of soda, fluor spar, and other substances, by mechanical compression and dilatation

David Brewster, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 106, 156–178

The discovery that stressed or unevenly heated glass becomes birefringent.
- 06 lehr components/Home.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Published 1816; public domain.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1920

The annealing of glass; and A Note on the Annealing of Optical Glass

L. H. Adams and E. D. Williamson, J. Franklin Inst. 190(5), 597–631 and 190(6), 835–870; JOSA 4(4), 213

Measurements of how stress decays in hot glass, the basis of annealing schedules, and their law that the rate of relief goes as the square of the stress, dσ/dt = −Aσ².
- 06 lehr components/Home.astro
- 06 lehr components/Home.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2020–2022

Glass Stress—Optical Coefficient (C770); Polariscopic Examination of Glass Containers (C148); Measuring Optical Retardation and Analyzing Stress in Glass (F218)

ASTM International, C770-16(2020); C148-17(2022); F218-13(2020)

How the stress-optic coefficient of a glass is measured, and polariscope practice; C148 specifies a sensitive tint plate of nominal 565 nm retardation.
- 06 lehr scripts/stress.js
- 06 lehr components/Home.astro
- 06 lehr scripts/home.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Paid standards; cited, not copied.

store.astm.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method2005

The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations

Gaurav Sharma, Wencheng Wu and Edul N. Dalal, Color Research & Application 30(1), 21–30

The color-difference formula and test data the rack's recipe fits are scored with.
- 08 rack scripts/fit.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; formula used with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method2019

A Low-Dimensional Function Space for Efficient Spectral Upsampling

Wenzel Jakob and Johannes Hanika, Computer Graphics Forum 38(2), 147–155 (Eurographics)

The three-number sigmoid spectrum used to relight photographed swatches under other lamps.
- 08 rack scripts/spectra.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; method used with citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Supplier cataloglive

Bullseye Glass Co. online store

Bullseye Glass Co., Portland, Oregon, swept for the rack (328 colors, COE 90)

Names, codes and product photos of Bullseye sheet, frit, rod and billet. Rack swatches are sampled from the photos; colorants are inferred from names.
- 08 rack tools/catalog-sweep/config/suppliers.toml
Terms not stated; link only. No data license stated. The repo keeps names, codes, links and one sampled color per product, not the photos.

shop.bullseyeglass.com · checked 2026-10-19
Supplier cataloglive

Glass Alchemy online store

Glass Alchemy, swept for the rack (borosilicate, COE 33)

Names and product photos of Glass Alchemy borosilicate color rod. Swatches sampled from photos.
- 08 rack tools/catalog-sweep/config/suppliers.toml
Terms not stated; link only. No data license stated. Names, links and sampled colors only.

glassalchemy.com · checked 2026-10-19
Supplier cataloglive

Frantz Art Glass online store

Frantz Art Glass (a Perle di Vetro company), swept for Effetre, Reichenbach, CiM, Vetrofond, Double Helix, Northstar and TAG

Catalog codes, names and photos for seven lampwork rod brands a retailer resells. Swatches sampled from photos.
- 08 rack tools/catalog-sweep/config/suppliers.toml
Terms not stated; link only. No data license stated. Names, codes, links and sampled colors only.

frantzartglass.com · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2011

Craig Johnson's LED Museum: fluorescence spectra of a uranium glass marble

ledmuseum.candlepower.us, page last updated 8 July 2011

Spectrograph plots of a uranium glass marble and a uranium glass insulator fluorescing under a 445 nm laser module. uranium.js places uranium glass's strongest emission peak near 527 nm from the marble's plot, read by eye.
- showroom scripts/uranium.js
Note. The 527 nm peak is read by eye from a plotted image; the page gives no numbers. A related page (eighth/blu-ray.htm) shows the same kind of glass under a Blu-ray laser, about 405 nm.

Terms not stated; link only. No copyright or terms notice on the page. Plots are images; no numbers are copied beyond the peak position.

ledmuseum.candlepower.us · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1906

On the coefficient of viscous traction and its relation to that of viscosity

F. T. Trouton, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 77(519), 426–440

Extensional viscosity is three times the shear viscosity, measured on pitch and other very viscous liquids.
- forming lab pages/forming-lab.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Published 1906; public domain.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method2003

The viscous catenary

J. Teichman and L. Mahadevan, J. Fluid Mech. (2003); author PDF

States the Stokes–Rayleigh analogy between slow viscous flow and incompressible elasticity, crediting Stokes (1845) and Rayleigh's Theory of Sound.
- forming lab pages/forming-lab.astro
Note. Journal volume and pages not yet confirmed.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

softmath.seas.harvard.edu · checked 2026-10-19
Method1969

Under what conditions can a glass be formed?

D. Turnbull, Contemp. Phys. 10(5), 473–488

Glass formation as a race between cooling and crystal nucleation and growth.
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1978, 2011

Theory of two-dimensional melting; Two-step melting in two dimensions: first-order liquid-hexatic transition

B. I. Halperin and D. R. Nelson; E. P. Bernard and W. Krauth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 121 (1978); 107, 155704 (2011)

The hexatic phase between a two-dimensional crystal and liquid: predicted in 1978, shown for hard disks in 2011.
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1990

Force fields for silicas and aluminophosphates based on ab initio calculations

B. W. H. van Beest, G. J. Kramer and R. A. van Santen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(16), 1955–1958

The charged pair potential most often used to simulate silica glass.
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1991

The structural groups of alkali silicate glasses determined from ²⁹Si MAS-NMR

H. Maekawa, T. Maekawa, K. Kawamura and T. Yokokawa, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 127(1), 53–64

Measured Qⁿ shares in soda– and potash–silica glasses from 20 to 56 mol% alkali, the points the Structure Lab plots and the statistical-mechanics enthalpies were fitted to.
- structure lab data/qn.json
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Note. Not read in the original: the values come from StatMechGlass's Data/SiO2 files, which Bødker et al. (2019) attribute to Maekawa et al. and, for some potassium glasses, to Schroeder et al. (1973). Some rows in those files are appended without a source and are left out.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; numbers quoted with citation, read from StatMechGlass's data files rather than the paper.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method1993–2000

Confusion by design; Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys; A highly processable metallic glass

A. L. Greer; A. Inoue; A. Peker and W. L. Johnson, Nature 366, 303–304 (1993); Acta Mater. 48, 279–306 (2000); Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2342 (1993)

The confusion principle, Inoue's empirical rules for bulk metallic glasses (three or more elements), and the five-element Vitreloy 1.
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Note. Inoue's three-element rule is quoted from the paper's well-known summary; the passage was not re-read on the checked date.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2014

Formation of monatomic metallic glasses through ultrafast liquid quenching

L. Zhong, J. Wang, H. Sheng, Z. Zhang and S. X. Mao, Nature 512, 177–180

Pure refractory metals such as tantalum made glassy in nanometer volumes by quenching at about 10¹⁴ K/s (rate and metal confirmed from the PubMed abstract).
- structure lab pages/structure-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1967

Ring configurations in a random network model of vitreous silica

S. V. King, Nature 213, 1112–1113

The shortest-path ring definition that src/scripts/network.js uses to count rings.
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
- network lab scripts/network.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement1969

The structure of vitreous silica

R. L. Mozzi and B. E. Warren, J. Appl. Cryst. 2, 164–172

X-ray pair functions of vitreous silica: Si–O 1.62 Å, every O bonded to two Si, Si–O–Si angles from 120° to 180° with the maximum at 144° (from the abstract).
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method1996

Cooling-rate effects in amorphous silica: a computer-simulation study

K. Vollmayr, W. Kob and K. Binder, Phys. Rev. B 54, 15808–15827

MD silica (BKS potential) cooled at many rates: Tg falls logarithmically with rate, and density, ring sizes and bond angles all depend on it, the microscopic quantities more strongly than the macroscopic ones.
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2018

New optimization scheme to obtain interaction potentials for oxide glasses

S. Sundararaman, L. Huang, S. Ispas and W. Kob, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 194504

The SHIK potential for silica: partial charges and Buckingham-plus-r⁻²⁴ parameters fitted to an ab initio liquid and to the measured glass density and stiffness. The O–O, Si–O and Si–Si terms used for both Network lab glasses.
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
- network lab scripts/md3d/quench.in
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated. The parameters are copied into scripts/md3d/quench.in with this citation.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2019

New interaction potentials for alkali and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate glasses

S. Sundararaman, L. Huang, S. Ispas and W. Kob, J. Chem. Phys. 150, 154505; arXiv:1811.01284

The sodium terms and charges (Si 1.7755 e, Na 0.6018 e, O by neutrality), their melt–quench protocol at about 2.25 K/ps, and their figure 5 of Qⁿ against Maekawa's NMR, from which the Network lab reads its comparison rows. LAMMPS pair style shik/wolf from github.com/compmatscirpi/SHIK-potential (no license file; compiled for the offline runs, not redistributed).
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
- network lab data/glass3d.json
Cite and link; do not rehost. arXiv preprint under arXiv's non-exclusive distribution license; journal version has no reuse license stated.

arxiv.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method2022

LAMMPS: a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales

A. P. Thompson et al. (Sandia National Laboratories), Comput. Phys. Commun. 271, 108171; stable branch, built 2026-10-20

The molecular-dynamics code that ran the four Network lab quenches offline. Only its output (atom positions) ships with the site.
- network lab pages/network-lab.astro
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Code GPL-2.0; the site ships no LAMMPS code, only positions it computed.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Method1984

Electron–electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: the size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state

L. E. Brus, Journal of Chemical Physics 80(9), 4403–4409

The effective-mass estimate of how a semiconductor crystal's band gap rises as it shrinks, used for the selenium ruby striking slider.
- concept pages scripts/strike.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; the formula is used.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Measurement1990

An investigation of the origin of the colour of the Lycurgus Cup by analytical transmission electron microscopy

D. J. Barber and I. C. Freestone, Archaeometry 32(1), 33–45

Analytical TEM of the Lycurgus Cup glass: the color comes from silver-gold alloy nanoparticles.
- concept pages content/concepts/colloidal-color.md
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article; no reuse license stated.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement2014

An analytic model for the dielectric function of Au, Ag, and their alloys

D. Rioux, S. Vallières, S. Besner, P. Muñoz, E. Mazur and M. Meunier, Advanced Optical Materials 2(2), 176–182

A model fitted to ellipsometry of gold, silver and three alloy films, tabulated for any composition. The Lycurgus Cup's particles are modeled with its 30% gold, 70% silver alloy.
- concept pages data/metals.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. The article is cited; the tabulated alloy values come from the refractiveindex.info database (CC0).

doi.org · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work2015

Color in commercial glasses

James E. Shelby (Alfred University), IMI-NFG Glass Processing Course, lecture 4, spring 2015 (slides, Lehigh University)

Iron in commercial glass: three weak Fe³⁺ ligand-field bands at 385, 420 and 435 nm, the strongest just outside the visible, whose tail removes blue-violet and leaves oxidized glass yellow-green; one Fe²⁺ band at 1050 nm. A second source for the hue the site computes from Volotinen's bands; it does not list Volotinen's fainter green and red bands.
- concept pages content/concepts/redox.md
Cite and link; do not rehost. Course slides, NSF-sponsored (DMR-0844014); no reuse license stated.

lehigh.edu · checked 2026-10-20
Reference work2023

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023: press release and popular information

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, web pages

Ekimov at the S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, copper chloride in glass heated at 500–700 °C for 1 to 96 hours, and the prize shared with Brus and Bawendi.
- concept pages content/concepts/selenium-ruby.md
Cite and link; do not rehost. Nobel Prize outreach pages; no reuse license checked.

nobelprize.org · checked 2026-10-19
Measurement1993

Loci of achromatic points throughout the life span

John S. Werner and Brooke E. Schefrin, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 1509–1516

Fifty observers aged 11 to 78: the white point does not shift significantly with age. The support for treating every eye as adapted to its own lens.
- 09′ showroom, other eyes components/Observers.astro
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (Optica); the finding is cited.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Method1997

Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats

Hans Brettel, Françoise Viénot and John D. Mollon, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2647–2655

How a dichromat's colors look to a trichromat: two half-planes in cone space through white, anchored at 475 and 575 nm (protan, deutan) or 485 and 660 nm (tritan).
- 09′ showroom, other eyes scripts/observers.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article (Optica); the method is cited and reimplemented, nothing copied.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2006

Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes, Part 1

CIE Technical Committee 1-36, CIE 170-1:2006

Cone fundamentals built from their parts: photopigment absorbance, pigment density by field size, macular pigment, and lens density by age (the Pokorny, Smith & Lutze 1987 formula). Gives an eye of any age from 20 to 80 and any field from 2° to 10°.
- 09′ showroom, other eyes scripts/observers.js
Cite and link; do not rehost. Paid CIE publication. The model is cited; its tables reached the repo through Asano et al.'s distribution (asano-2016).

cie.co.at · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2015

Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes, Part 2

CIE Technical Committee 1-36, CIE 170-2:2015

The linear map from cone fundamentals to cone-based XYZ functions, 2° and 10°. observers.json refits it from colour-science's tables (residual about 1e-6).
- 09′ showroom, other eyes scripts/build_observers.py
Cite and link; do not rehost. Paid CIE publication; only the nine matrix coefficients are used, refitted from open tables.

cie.co.at · checked 2026-10-19
Method2016

Individual Colorimetric Observer Model

Yuta Asano, Mark D. Fairchild and Laurent Blondé, PLoS ONE 11(2), e0145671

An individual-observer extension of CIE 2006. Its distribution carries the CIE 170-1 component tables at 5 nm that observers.json holds, copied from the luxpy package (v1.12.5) data folder.
- 09′ showroom, other eyes data/observers.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. Article CC BY 4.0 (PLoS ONE). The tables are CIE 170-1 values; luxpy's code is GPL-3.0, and none of it is copied, only the numbers.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19
Standard table2019

CIE 1964 colour-matching functions, 10 degree observer

International Commission on Illumination (CIE), data set from ISO/CIE 11664-1:2019, Table 2; DOI 10.25039/CIE.DS.sqksu2n5

The standard observer for fields about 10° across: the wide-field eye of the many-observers stage.
- 09′ showroom, other eyes data/observers.json
Open license: data may be copied with attribution. CIE open-access data set. Its page shows no license text and its metadata file was not read, so the CC BY-SA 4.0 read from the D65 set is assumed here, not checked.

doi.org · checked 2026-10-19

Arriving

Cited by a stage that is still a pull request. These move up to the first shelf by themselves when the pull request merges.

Wanted

Not used yet. Each would replace a drawn curve or a typical number with a measured one, or open a new stage.

Standard table1991

Standard Reference Material 710a: Soda-Lime-Silica Glass

National Institute of Standards and Technology, certificate dated 20 March 1991 (archived)

Certified viscosity from log η = 2 (1464 °C) to 5 (918 °C) poise and a certified softening point of 730.6 °C, with annealing 545 °C and strain 504 °C for information. A different melt from NBS 710 (zinc and alumina added).

Would give: A second, certified soda-lime curve to show how much fixed points move between two similar glasses.

Cite and link; do not rehost. US government certificate; no license stated.

tsapps.nist.gov · checked 2026-10-19
Method2008

Density and thermal expansion calculation of silicate glass melts from 1000 °C to 1400 °C

Alexander Fluegel, David A. Earl, Arun K. Varshneya and Thomas P. Seward III, Alfred University, Phys. Chem. Glasses: Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. B 49(5); author's copy on glassproperties.com

Melt density at 1000–1400 °C as a function of mol% composition (Table 2), fitted to SciGlass data for glasses above 40 mol% silica.

Would give: Melt density at working temperatures, should a stage need the hot glass's weight. The bench used it for room-temperature density until JBK-1003 (scaled to 2.50 g/cm³ for float glass, it ran a median 0.05 g/cm³ light) and now uses a SciGlass fit instead.

Note. A melt model, not a room-temperature one.

Cite and link; do not rehost. Journal article, author's copy; no reuse license stated. Coefficients are quoted with citation.

glassproperties.com · checked 2026-10-19
Datasheet2020

TechNotes 4: Heat & Glass, and the Annealing Thick Slabs chart

Bullseye Glass Co., TechNotes 4 © 2020; thick-slab chart revised June 2009

A studio glass maker's annealing soak (482 °C) and cooling rates by thickness, derived from Corning's method, and how kiln glass behaves at each temperature.

Would give: Real studio schedules for the lehr, in place of float-glass numbers applied to studio glass.

Cite and link; do not rehost. © Bullseye Glass Co.; no reuse license stated.

bullseyeglass.com · checked 2026-10-19
Datasheet2023

TIE-29: Refractive Index and Dispersion

SCHOTT AG, Advanced Optics, version August 2023

How SCHOTT defines and fits index: the Sellmeier form, Abbe numbers, partial dispersions and tolerances.

Would give: A citable check on the cut stage's formulas and its Abbe-number definitions.

Cite and link; do not rehost. No reuse license stated.

media.schott.com · checked 2026-10-19
Datasheet2026

SCHOTT optical filter glass data sheets and calculation program

SCHOTT AG, data sheets version June 2026 (169 pp); Excel calculation program with 2015 tutorial

Measured internal transmittance of colored glasses, 200–5200 nm, at a reference thickness: cobalt blues (BG), coppers, ferrous heat absorbers (KG), selenium–cadmium long-pass reds and oranges (RG, OG), neutral densities (NG). The Excel tool rescales to any thickness.

Would give: Industrial colored glass measured to datasheet standard, to check each drawn colorant curve and the Beer–Lambert thickness scaling against.

Cite and link; do not rehost. No reuse license stated; values are "reference values". Use to check curves and quote individual numbers with citation, not to copy tables.

schott.com · checked 2026-10-19
Databaselive

Colour & Vision Research Laboratory database

Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, cvrl.org

Tabulated color-matching functions (CIE 1931, Stiles–Burch, CIE 2006), cone fundamentals and luminous efficiency.

Would give: Tables to test the analytic observer against, and a second copy of the CIE 2006 tables to check observers.json against (cvrl.org did not answer from the build container on 2026-10-19, so the tables came through asano-2016).

Terms not stated; link only. "Provided free of charge as a service to the vision science community"; no explicit reuse license.

cvrl.org · checked 2026-10-19

Still drawn, not measured

The page labels these as models. Each line names what is drawn and which source on this shelf could replace it.

What	Where	Could come from
Absorption curves of gold and the cadmium sulfoselenides; the strength of neodymium, silver stain and Cr⁶⁺	optics.json	SCHOTT filter glass, SciGlassCobalt, chromium, manganese, iron and copper are measured in absolute units (measured.json). Silver stain and neodymium have measured shapes but no measured strength, and the Cr⁶⁺ share of the chromium curve is whatever the traced pane had. The gold colloid curve here (spectrum explorer, mixing lab) is still drawn; the striking instruments compute theirs (strike.js).
Uranyl absorption bands and emission comb strengths	uranium.js	SciGlass
Neodymium and praseodymium band strengths	bands.js	SciGlassPeak positions are sourced; strengths are scaled by eye.
Studio furnace and glory-hole temperatures	viscosity.json	Bullseye annealingKiln glass only; furnace practice still needs a source (PR #17).
Transmission spectrum of over-struck gold ruby	strike.js	Haslbeck et al. 2005Stage 05 now computes over-striking with Mie theory (purple then blue in transmission, orange-brown scatter); a measured spectrum would test it, and the brown of tin-rich glasses that it does not reproduce.
Rack swatch colors, sampled from product photos	index.json	none yet.Needs measured transmission of the supplier glasses, which no source here publishes.

Not on this shelf. Dates and stories on the history rail carry their own sources there; this shelf holds sources of data. Software and models for glass, including ones this site does not use, are mapped on the tools page. License notes summarize what each source states about reuse and were read on the date shown; they are not legal advice. The list lives in src/data/library.json, and npm run check fails if a source says it is used in a file that no longer cites it.

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Still drawn, not measured

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